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Three methods for predicting the bending of radio rays when the refractive index profile above the surface layer is unknown have been developed recently by the authors. These methods are: a statistical technique for refraction at high initial elevation angles, estimation of bending from an exponential model of atmospheric refractive index, and a modification of the exponential model to account for the heavily weighted effects of anomalous initial refractive index gradients at small initial elevation angles. Each model is dependent upon the value of the refractive index at ground level or, in the case of superrefraction, the additional knowledge of the refractive index gradient next to the earth's surface. Each method works best in a particular range of initial elevation angles or meteorological conditions. The height and angular ranges of application of each method an; checked by comparison with values obtained from 77 diverse refractive index profiles representative of wide climatic variation. It is found that the use of the best of the three methods will always result in a prediction of the total atmospheric bending within 10 percent for initial elevation angles from zero to 10 milliradians and to within 4 percent for initial elevation angles greater than 17 milliradians (~ 1 deg).
The Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards is a publication of the U.S. Government. The papers are in the public domain and are not subject to copyright in the United States. However, please pay special attention to the individual works to make sure there are no copyright restrictions indicated. Individual works may require securing other permissions from the original copyright holder.
Methods of predicting the atmospheric bending of radio rays
Bean, B.R.; Thayer, G.D.; Cahoon, B.A.
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